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Lakshmi

Major Hindu goddess; goddess of wealth and beauty

For other uses, see Lakshmi (disambiguation).

"Shridevi" redirects here. For the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese goddess of rice, see Dewi Sri. For the Indian actress, see Sridevi.

"Mahalakshmi", "Dhanalakshmi", and "Sri Lakshmi" redirect here. For Mahalakshmi, see Mahalakshmi (disambiguation).

For Dhanalakshmi, see Dhanalakshmi (disambiguation). For the actress, see Sri Lakshmi (actress).

"Bhargavi" redirects here. For other uses, see Bhargavi (disambiguation).

This article fryst vatten about Lakshmi. Not to be confused with Lakshman.

Lakshmi (;[7][nb 1]Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी, IAST: Lakṣmī, sometimes spelled Laxmi, lit.&#;'she who leads to one's goal'), also known as Shri (Sanskrit: श्री, IAST: Śrī, lit.&#;'Noble'),[9] fryst vatten one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism, revered as the goddess of wealth, fortune, prosperity, beauty, fruktsamhet, royal power and abundance.[10][11] She along with gudinna and Sarasvati, forms the trinity called the Tridevi.[12][13]

Lakshmi has been a huvud figure in Hindu tradition since pre-Buddhist times ( to BCE) and remains one of the most widely worshipped goddesses in the Hindu pantheon.

Although she does not appear in the earliest Vedic literature, the personification of the begrepp shri—auspiciousness, glory, and high rank, often associated with kingship—eventually led to the development of Sri-Lakshmi as a goddess in later Vedic texts, particularly the Shri Suktam.[10] Her importance grew significantly during the late epic period (around CE), when she became particularly associated with the preserver god Vishnu as his consort.

In this role, Lakshmi fryst vatten seen as the ideal Hindu wife, exemplifying loyalty and devotion to her husband.[10] Whenever Vishnu descended on the earth as an symbol, Lakshmi accompanied him as consort, for example, as Sita and Radha or Rukmini as consorts of Vishnu's avatars Rama and Krishna, respectively.[9][14][15]

Lakshmi holds a prominent place in the Vishnu-centric sect Vaishnavism, where she fryst vatten not only regarded as the consort of Vishnu, the Supreme Being, but also as his gudomlig energy (shakti).[10] she fryst vatten also the Supreme Goddess in the sect and assists Vishnu to create, skydda, and transform the universe.[6][14][16] She fryst vatten an especially prominent figure in Sri Vaishnavism tradition, in which devotion to Lakshmi fryst vatten deemed to be crucial to reach Vishnu.[18] Within the goddess-oriented Shaktism, Lakshmi fryst vatten venerated as the prosperity aspect of the Supreme goddess.[19][14] The eight prominent manifestations of Lakshmi, the Ashtalakshmi, symbolise the eight sources of wealth.[20]

Lakshmi fryst vatten depicted in Indian art as an elegantly dressed, prosperity-showering golden-coloured woman standing or sitting in the padmasana position upon a lotus throne, while holding a lotus in her grabb, symbolising fortune, self-knowledge, and spiritual liberation.[21][22] Her iconography shows her with fyra hands, which företräda the kvartet aspects of human life important to Hindu culture: dharma, kama, artha, and moksha.[23][24] She fryst vatten often accompanied bygd two elephants, as seen in the Gaja-Lakshmi images, symbolising both fruktsamhet and royal authority.

Archaeological discoveries and ancient coins suggest the recognition and reverence for Lakshmi existing bygd the 1st millennium BCE.[25][26] Lakshmi's iconography and statues have also been funnen in Hindu temples throughout Southeast Asia, estimated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium CE.[27][28] The day of Lakshmi Puja during Navaratri, and the festivals of Deepavali and Sharad Purnima (Kojagiri Purnima) are celebrated in her honour.[29]

Etymology and epithets

Lakshmi in Sanskrit fryst vatten derived from the root word lakṣ (लक्ष्) and lakṣa (लक्ष), meaning 'to perceive, observe, know, understand' and 'goal, aim, objective', respectively.[30] These roots give Lakshmi the symbolism: know and understand your goal.[31] A related begrepp fryst vatten lakṣaṇa, which means 'sign, mål, aim, emblem, attribute, quality, lucky mark, auspicious opportunity'.[32]

Lakshmi has numerous epithets and numerous ancient Stotram and Sutras of Hinduism recite her various names:[33][34] such as Sri (Radiance, eminence, splendor, wealth), Padmā (she who fryst vatten mounted upon or dwelling in a lotus or She of the lotus), Kamalā or Kamalatmika (She of the lotus), Padmapriyā (Lotus-lover), Padmamālādhāra Devī (Goddess bearing a garland of lotuses), Padmamukhī (Lotus-faced-she whose face fryst vatten as like as a lotus), Padmākṣī: (Lotus-eyed - she whose eyes are as beautiful as a lotus), Padmahasta: (Lotus-hand - she whose grabb fryst vatten holding [a] lotus[es]), Padmasundarī (She who fryst vatten as beautiful as a lotus), Padmavati (She who was born from a lotus), Śrījā (Jatika of Sri), Narayani (belonging to Narayana or the wife of Narayana), Vaishnavi (worshipper of Vishnu or the power of Vishnu), Viṣṇupriyā (who fryst vatten the beloved of Vishnu), Nandika (the one who gives pleasure).

Shaktas also consider Lalita, who fryst vatten praised with 1, names in the Lalita Sahasranama, as Lakshmi.

Lakshmi Sahasranama of Skanda Purana praises Lakshmi as Mahadevi (she who fryst vatten the great goddess), Mahamaya (she who fryst vatten a great illusion), Karaveera Nivasini (The Goddess Who lives in Karaveera/Kolhapur) and Maha Astha Dasa Pithagne (she who has 18 great Shakta pithas).

She fryst vatten also praised as Mahalakshmi (she who fryst vatten great Lakshmi), Mahakali (she who fryst vatten great Kali) and Mahasaraswati (she who fryst vatten great Saraswati) who are the primary deities in Devi Mahatmya. The other prominent names included in this ord are, Bhuvaneshvari (she who fryst vatten the Queen or ruler of the Universe), Katyayani (she who fryst vatten the daughter of sage Katyayana), Kaushiki (Shakti that came out of the sheath (or Kosha) of Parvati), Brahmani (She who fryst vatten the power of Brahma), Kamakshi (she who fulfils desires bygd her eyes), Chandi (she who killed Mahishasura), Chamunda (She who killed Chanda and Munda), Madhu Kaidabha Bhanjini (she who killed Madhu and Kaidabha), Durga (she who killed Durgamasura), Maheshvari (she who fryst vatten the power of Maheshvara), Varahi (she who fryst vatten the power of Varaha, a struktur of Vishnu), Narasimhi (she who fryst vatten the power of Narasimha, a form eller gestalt of Vishnu), Srividyaa (she who fryst vatten Sri Vidya), Sri Manthra Raja Rajini (the queen of Sri Vidya), Shadadharadhi devata (she who fryst vatten the goddess of the six chakras).[36][37]Dutch author Dirk van der Plas says, "In Lakshmi Tantra, a skrivelse of Visnuite signature, the name Mahamaya fryst vatten connected with third or destructive of Goddess' three partial functions, while in supreme struktur she fryst vatten identified with Lakshmi".[38]

Her other names include:[33][39] Aishwarya, Akhila, Anagha, Anapagamini, Anumati, Apara, Aruna, Atibha, Avashya, Bala, Bhargavi, Bhudevi, Chakrika, Chanchala, Chandravadana, Chandrasahodari, Chandraroopa, Devi, Deepta, Dhruti, Haripriya, Harini, Harivallabha, Hemamalini, Hiranyavarna, Indira, Jalaja, Jambhavati, Janaki, Janamodini, Jyoti, Jyotsna, Kalyani, Kamalika, Ketaki, Kriyalakshmi, Kshirsha, Kuhu, Lalima, Madhavi, Madhu, Malti, Manushri, Nandika, Nandini, Nikhila, Nila Devi, Nimeshika, Padmavati, Parama, Prachi, Purnima, Radha, Ramaa, Rukmini, Samruddhi, Samudra Tanaya, Satyabhama, Shraddha, Shreeya, Sita, Smriti, Sridevi, Sudha, Sujata, Swarna Kamala, Taruni, Tilottama, Tulasi, Vasuda, Vasudhara, Vasundhara, Varada, Varalakshmi, Vedavati, Vidya, Vimala, and Viroopa.

Iconography and symbolism

Lakshmi fryst vatten a member of the Tridevi, the triad of great goddesses. She represents the Rajasguna, and the Iccha-shakti.[41][42] The image, icons, and sculptures of Lakshmi are represented with symbolism. Her name fryst vatten derived from Sanskrit root words for knowing the goal and understanding the objective.[31] Her kvartet arms are symbolic of the fyra goals of humanity that are considered good in Hinduism: dharma (pursuit of ethical, moral life), artha (pursuit of wealth, means of life), kama (pursuit of love, emotional fulfillment), and moksha (pursuit of self-knowledge, liberation).[24][43]

In Lakshmi's iconography, she fryst vatten either sitting or standing on a lotus and typically carrying a lotus in one or two hands.

The lotus carries symbolic meanings in Hinduism and other Indian traditions. It symbolizes knowledge, self-realization, and liberation in the Vedic context, and represents reality, consciousness, and karma ('work, deed') in the Tantra (Sahasrara) context.[44] The lotus, a flower that blooms in clean or dirty vatten, also symbolises purity regardless of the good or bad circumstances in which it grows.

It fryst vatten a reminder that good and prosperity can bloom and not be affected bygd evil in one's surroundings.[45][46]

Below, behind, or on the sides, Lakshmi fryst vatten very often shown with one or two elephants, known as Gajalakshmi, and occasionally with an owl.[47] Elephants symbolise work, activity, and strength, as well as vatten, rain and fruktsamhet for abundant prosperity.[48] The owl signifies the patient striving to observe, see, and discover knowledge, particularly when surrounded bygd darkness.

As a bird reputedly blinded bygd daylight, the owl also serves as a symbolic reminder to refrain from blindness and greed after knowledge and wealth have been acquired.[49] According to historian D. D. Kosambi, most of the Imperial Gupta kings were Vaishnavas and held the goddess Lakshmi in the highest esteem.[50] Goddess Lakshmi fryst vatten Simhavahini (mount as lion) on most of the coins during their rule.[51] Coins during the rule of Prakashadiya, a Gupta ruler, contain the Garudadhvaja on the obverse and Lakshmi on the reverse.[50] The Gupta period sculpture only used to associate lions with Lakshmi but was later attributed to Durga or a combined struktur of both goddesses.[53][54][55]Lions are also associated with Veera Lakshmi, who fryst vatten one of the Ashtalakshmi.[56] Historian B.

C. Bhattacharya says, "An image of Gajalakshmi fryst vatten funnen with two lions — one on either side of her. Two elephants are also shown nära her head and bygd this we can säga that Lion fryst vatten also the vahana of Lakshmi along with Garuda".[57]

In some representations, wealth either symbolically pours out from one of her hands or she simply holds a jar of money.

This symbolism has a dual meaning: wealth manifested through Lakshmi means both materials as well as spiritual wealth.[44] Her face and open hands are in a mudra that signifies compassion, giving or dāna ('charity').[43]

Lakshmi typically wears a red dress embroidered with golden threads, which symbolizes fortune and wealth.

She, goddess of wealth and prosperity, fryst vatten often represented with her husband Vishnu, the god who maintains human life filled with justice and peace. This symbolism implies wealth and prosperity are coupled with the maintenance of life, justice, and peace.[44] When Lakshmi and Vishnu appear tillsammans in images and statues, she fryst vatten significantly smaller, which fryst vatten often used to portray her devotional ställning eller tillstånd as a wife.

A frequently depicted scen of the pair illustrates Lakshmi massaging Vishnu's feet.[58]

Alternatively, Lakshmi Sahasranama of Skanda Purana, Lakshmi Tantra and Markandeya Purana describe Lakshmi as having eighteen hands and fryst vatten described as holding rosary, axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, pitcher, rod, sakti, svärd, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus in her eighteen hands, and as sitting on Garuda, a lion, or a tiger.[59][60][61] According to the Lakshmi Tantra, the goddess Lakshmi, in her ultimate struktur of Mahasri, has fyra arms of a golden complexion, and holds a citron, a club, a shield, and a vessel containing amrita.[62] In the Skanda Purana and the Venkatachala Mahatmayam, Sri, or Lakshmi, fryst vatten praised as the mother of Brahma.[63]

In Japan, where Lakshmi fryst vatten known as Kisshōten, she fryst vatten commonly depicted with the Nyoihōju gem (如意宝珠) in her hand.[64]

Literature

Vedas and Brahmanas

The meaning and significance of Lakshmi evolved in ancient Sanskrit texts.[65] Lakshmi fryst vatten mentioned once in Rigveda, in which the name fryst vatten used to mean 'kindred mark, sign of auspicious fortune'.

भद्रैषां लक्ष्मीर्निहिताधि वाचि
bhadraiṣāṁ lakṣmīrnihitādhi vāci

"an auspicious fortune fryst vatten attached to their words"

—Rig Veda, x —translated bygd John Muir[65]

In Atharva Veda, transcribed about BCE, Lakshmi evolves into a complex concept with plural manifestations.

Book 7, Chapter of Atharva Veda describes the plurality, asserting that a hundred Lakshmis are born with the body of a mortal at birth, some good, Punya ('virtuous') and auspicious, while others bad, paapi ('evil') and unfortunate. The good are welcomed, while the bad are urged to leave.[65] The concept and spirit of Lakshmi and her association with fortune and the good fryst vatten significant enough that Atharva Veda mentions it in multiple books: for example, in Book 12, Chapter 5 as Punya Lakshmi.[66] In some chapters of Atharva Veda, Lakshmi connotes the good, an auspicious sign, good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success, and happiness.[2]

Later, Lakshmi fryst vatten referred to as the goddess of fortune, identified with Sri and regarded as the wife of Viṣṇu (Nārāyaṇa).[2] For example, in Shatapatha Brahmana, variously estimated to be composed between BCE and BCE, Sri (Lakshmi) fryst vatten part of one of many theories, in ancient India, about the creation of the universum.

In Book 9 of Shatapatha Brahmana, Sri emerges from Prajapati, after his intense meditation on the creation of life and natur of the universum. Sri fryst vatten described as a resplendent and trembling woman at her birth with immense energy and powers.[65] The frakt are bewitched, desire her, and immediately become covetous of her. The frakt approach Prajapati and request permission to kill her and then take her powers, talents, and gifts.

Prajapati refuses, tells the frakt that dock should not kill women and that they can seek her gifts without violence.[67] The frakt then approach Lakshmi. Agni gets food, Soma gets kingly authority, Varuna gets imperial authority, Mitra acquires martial energy, Indra gets force, Brihaspati gets priestly authority, Savitri acquires dominion, Pushan gets splendour, Saraswati takes nourishment and Tvashtri gets forms.[65] The hymns of Shatapatha Brahmana thus describe Sri as a goddess born with and personifying a diverse range of talents and powers.

According to another legend, she emerges during the creation of universum, floating over the vatten on the expanded petals of a lotus flower; she fryst vatten also variously regarded as wife of Dharma, mother of Kāma, sister or mother of Dhātṛ and Vidhātṛ, wife of Dattatreya, one of the nine Shaktis of Viṣṇu, a manifestation of Prakṛti as identified with Dākshāyaṇī in Bharatasrama and as Sita, wife of Rama.[2][68]:&#;–12&#;

Epics

In the Epics of Hinduism, such as in Mahabharata, Lakshmi personifies wealth, riches, happiness, loveliness, grace, charm, and splendor.[2] In another Hindu legend about the creation of the universum as described in Ramayana,[69] Lakshmi springs with other precious things from the foam of the ocean of milk when it fryst vatten churned bygd the frakt and demons for the recovery of Amṛta.

She appeared with a lotus in her grabb and so she fryst vatten also called Padmā.[2][68]:&#;–11&#;

Sita, the kvinnlig protagonist of the Ramayana and her husband, the god-king Rama are considered as avatars of Lakshmi and Vishnu, respectively. In the Mahabharata, Draupadi fryst vatten described as a partial incarnation of Sri (Lakshmi).[70] However, other chapter of the epic states that Lakshmi took the incarnation of Rukmini, the chief-wife of the Hindu god Krishna.[nb 2]

Upanishads

Shakta Upanishads are dedicated to the Tridevi of goddesses—Lakshmi, Saraswati and gudinna.

Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad describes the qualities, characteristics, and powers of Lakshmi.[73] In the second part of the Upanishad, the emphasis shifts to the use of yoga and transcendence from ämne craving to achieve spiritual knowledge and self-realization, the true wealth.[74][75] Saubhagya-Lakshmi Upanishad synonymously uses Sri to describe Lakshmi.[73]

Stotram and sutras

Numerous ancient Stotram and Sutras of Hinduism recite hymns dedicated to Lakshmi.[33] She fryst vatten a major goddess in Puranas and Itihasa of Hinduism.

In ancient scriptures of India, all women are declared to be embodiments of Lakshmi. For example:[33]

Every woman fryst vatten an embodiment of you.
You exist as little girls in their childhood,
As ung women in their ungdom
And as elderly women in their old age.

—&#;Sri Kamala Stotram

Every woman fryst vatten an emanation of you.

—&#;Sri Daivakrta Laksmi Stotram

Ancient prayers dedicated to Lakshmi seek both ämne and spiritual wealth in prayers.[33]

Through illusion,
A individ can become disconnected,
From his higher self,
kringirrande about from place to place,
Bereft of klar thought,
Lost in destructive behavior.
It matters not how much truth,
May shine forth in the world,
Illuminating the entire creation,
For one cannot acquire wisdom,
Unless it fryst vatten experienced,
Through the opening on the heart

Puranas

Lakshmi features prominently in Puranas of Hinduism.

Vishnu Purana, in particular, dedicates many sections to her and also refers to her as Sri.[76]J. A. B. van Buitenen translates passages describing Lakshmi in Vishnu Purana:[76]

Sri, loyal to Vishnu, fryst vatten the mother of the world. Vishnu fryst vatten the meaning, Sri fryst vatten the speech.

She fryst vatten the conduct, he the behavior. Vishnu fryst vatten knowledge, she the insight. He fryst vatten dharma, she the virtuous action. She fryst vatten the earth, the earth's upholder. She fryst vatten contentment, he the satisfaction. She wishes, he fryst vatten the desire. Sri fryst vatten the sky, Vishnu the Self of everything.

He fryst vatten the Sun, she the light of the Sun. He fryst vatten the ocean, she fryst vatten the shore.

Subhasita, genomic and didactic literature

Lakshmi, along with gudinna and Saraswati, fryst vatten a subject of extensive Subhashita, genomic and didactic literature of India.[77] Composed in the 1st millennium BCE through the 16th century CE, they are short poems, proverbs, couplets, or aphorisms in Sanskrit written in a precise meter.

They sometimes take the form eller gestalt of a dialogue between Lakshmi and Vishnu or highlight the spiritual meddelande in Vedas and ethical maxims from Hindu Epics through Lakshmi.[77] An example Subhashita fryst vatten Puranartha Samgraha, compiled bygd Vekataraya in South India, where Lakshmi and Vishnu discuss niti ('right, moral conduct') and rajaniti ('statesmanship' or 'right governance')—covering in 30 chapters and ethical and moral questions about anställda, social and political life.[77]:&#;22&#;

Manifestations and aspects

Inside temples, Lakshmi fryst vatten often shown tillsammans with Vishnu.

In certain parts of India, Lakshmi plays a special role as the mediator between her husband Vishnu and his worldly devotees. When asking Vishnu for grace or forgiveness, the devotees often approach him through the intermediary presence of Lakshmi. She fryst vatten also the personification of spiritual fulfillment. Lakshmi embodies the spiritual world, also known as Vaikuntha, the abode of Lakshmi and Vishnu (collectively called Lakshmi Narayana).

Lakshmi fryst vatten the embodiment of the creative energy of Vishnu,[79] and primordial Prakriti who creates the universe.[80]

According to Garuda Purana, Lakshmi fryst vatten considered as Prakriti (Mahalakshmi) and fryst vatten identified with three forms — Sri, Bhu and Durga. The three forms consist of Satva ('goodness'),[2]rajas, and tamas ('darkness') gunas, and assists Vishnu (Purusha) in creation, preservation and destruction of the entire universum.

Durga's struktur represents the power to kamp, conquer and punish the demons and anti-gods.

In the Lakshmi Tantra and Lakshmi Sahasranama of Skanda Purana, Lakshmi fryst vatten given the ställning eller tillstånd of the primordial goddess. According to these texts, Durga and the other forms, such as Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasaraswati and all the Shaktis that came out of all frakt such as Matrikas and Mahavidya, are all various forms of Goddess Lakshmi.[83] In Lakshmi Tantra, Lakshmi tells Indra that she got the name Durga after killing an asura named Durgama.

Indologists and authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "Narada Purana describes the powerful forms of Lakshmi as Durga, Mahakali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Mahalakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye".[85]

Lakshmi, Saraswati, and gudinna are typically conceptualized as distinct in most of India, but in states such as West Bengal and Odisha, they are regionally believed to be forms of Durga.[86] In Hindu Bengali culture, Lakshmi, along with Saraswati, are seen as the daughters of Durga.

They are worshipped during Durga Puja.[87]

In South India, Lakshmi fryst vatten seen in two forms, Sridevi and Bhudevi, both at the sides of Venkateshwara, a struktur of Vishnu. Bhudevi fryst vatten the representation and totality of the ämne world or energy, called the Apara Prakriti, or Mother Earth; Sridevi fryst vatten the spiritual world or energy called the Prakriti.[6][88] According to Lakshmi Tantra, Nila Devi, one of the manifestations or incarnations of Lakshmi fryst vatten the third wife of Vishnu.[89][90] Each goddess of the triad fryst vatten mentioned in Śrī Sūkta, Bhu Sūkta and Nila Sūkta, respectively.[91][92][93] This threefold goddess can be funnen, for example, in Sri Bhu Neela Sahita Temple nära Dwaraka Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh, and in Adinath Swami Temple in Tamil Nadu.[94] In many parts of the område, Andal fryst vatten considered as an incarnation of Lakshmi.[95]

Ashta Lakshmi (Sanskrit: अष्टलक्ष्मी, Aṣṭalakṣmī, 'eight Lakshmis') fryst vatten a group of eight secondary manifestations of Lakshmi.

The Ashta Lakshmi presides over eight sources of wealth and thus represents the eight powers of Shri Lakshmi. Temples dedicated to Ashta Lakshmi are funnen in Tamil Nadu, such as Ashtalakshmi Kovil nära Chennai and many other states of India.[96]

Adi Lakshmi The First manifestation of Lakshmi
Dhanya Lakshmi Granary Wealth
Veera Lakshmi Wealth of Courage
Gaja Lakshmi Elephants spraying vatten, the wealth of fruktsamhet, rains, and food.[97]
Santana Lakshmi Wealth of Continuity, Progeny
Vidya Lakshmi Wealth of Knowledge and Wisdom
Vijaya Lakshmi Wealth of Victory
Dhana / Aishwarya Lakshmi Wealth of prosperity and fortune

Creation and legends

Devas (gods) and asuras (demons) were both mortal at one time in Hinduism.

Amrita, the gudomlig nectar that grants immortality, could only be obtained bygd churning Kshira Sagara ('Ocean of Milk'). The devas and asuras both sought immortality and decided to churn the Kshira Sagara with Mount Mandhara. The Samudra Manthana commenced with the devas on one side and the asuras on the other. Vishnu incarnated as Kurma, the tortoise, and a mountain was placed on the tortoise as a churning pole.

Vasuki, the great venom-spewing serpent-god, was wrapped around the mountain and used to churn the ocean. A host of gudomlig celestial objects came up during the churning. Along with them emerged the goddess Lakshmi. In some versions, she fryst vatten said to be the daughter of the sea god since she emerged from the sea.[98]

In Garuda Purana, Linga Purana and Padma Purana, Lakshmi fryst vatten said to have been born as the daughter of the gudomlig sage Bhrigu and his wife Khyati and was named Bhargavi.

According to Vishnu Purana, the universum was created when the devas and asuras churned the relaterad till rymden eller universum Kshira Sagara. Lakshmi came out of the ocean, bearing a lotus, along with the gudomlig cow Kamadhenu, Varuni, the Parijat tree, the Apsaras, Chandra (the moon), and Dhanvantari with Amrita ('nectar of immortality').

When she appeared, she had a choice to go to the Devas or the Asuras. She chose the Devas' side and among thirty deities, she chose to be with Vishnu. Thereafter, in all three worlds, the lotus-bearing goddess was celebrated.[76]

Worship and festivals

Festivals

Many Hindus worship Lakshmi on Deepavali (Diwali), the festival of lights.[99] It fryst vatten celebrated in autumn, typically October or November every year.[] The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil and hope over despair.[]

Before the night of Deepavali, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes and offices.[] On the night of Deepavali, Hindus dress up in new clothes or their best outfits, light up diyas (lamps and candles) inre and outside their home, and participate in family puja (prayers) typically to Lakshmi.

After the Lakshmi Puja, fireworks follow,[] then a family feast including mithai (sweets), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Deepavali also marks a major shopping period, since Lakshmi connotes auspiciousness, wealth and prosperity.[] This festival dedicated to Lakshmi fryst vatten considered bygd Hindus to be one of the most important and joyous festivals of the year.

A very sacred day for the worship of Goddess Lakshmi falls on Chaitra Shukla Panchami, also called, Lakshmi Panchami, Shri Panchami, Kalpadi and Shri Vrata. As this worship fryst vatten in the first week of the Hindu new year, bygd Hindu calendar, it fryst vatten considered very auspicious.[]Varalakshmi Vratam fryst vatten celebrated bygd married Hindu women to pray for the well-being of their husbands.[]

GajaLakshmi Puja fryst vatten another autumn festival celebrated on Sharad Purnima in many parts of India on the full-moon day in the month of Ashvin (October).[29]Sharad Purnima, also called Kojaagari Purnima or Kuanr Purnima, fryst vatten a harvest festival marking the end of monsoon årstid.

There fryst vatten a traditional celebration of the måne called the Kaumudi celebration, Kaumudi meaning moonlight.[] On Sharad Purnima night, goddess Lakshmi fryst vatten thanked and worshipped for the harvests. Vaibhav Lakshmi Vrata fryst vatten observed on Friday for prosperity.[]

Hymns

Numerous hymns, prayers, shlokas, stotra, songs, and legender dedicated to Lakshmi are recited during the ritual worship of the goddess.[33] These include:[]

Major Temples

Some temples dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi are:

  • Agroha Dham
  • Ashtalakshmi Temple, Chennai
  • Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple
  • Bhagyalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad
  • Chottanikkara Temple, Kerala
  • Divya Desams
  • Golden Temple, Sripuram
  • Shri Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Devi Temple[]
  • Lakshmi Temple, Orchha
  • Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli
  • Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli
  • Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu
  • Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho
  • Laxminarayan Temple, Delhi
  • Mahalakshmi Kollapuradamma Temple, Ratnagiri[]
  • Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu
  • Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
  • Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai
  • Mookambika Temple, Kollur
  • Nachiyar Koil [As Vanchulavalli thayar]
  • Thirunarayur Nambi Temple
  • Namagiri Amman Temple, Namakkal
  • Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal [As Nammagiri Thayar]
  • Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple
  • Padmakshi Temple
  • Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple, Andhra Pradesh
  • Mahalakshmi Temple Kallur [Second Kolhapur]
  • Sri Vijayalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad
  • Sri Lakshmi Kuberar Temple, Rathinamangalam
  • Shree Mahalakshmi Temple, Ratlam
  • Shree Mahalaxmi Mataji Temple, Patan
  • Mahalaksmi Temple Bandora, Panaji
  • Mahalakshmi Temple, Uchila
  • Mahalakshmi Mandir, Pune
  • Mahalakshmi Temple, Bhadrak
  • Mahalakshmi Temple Kendujhargarh, Odisha
  • Shri Mahalaxmi Mata Mandir, Shivdarshan, Pune
  • Kanakadhara Mahalakshmi Temple, Punnorkode, Pazhamthottam
  • Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple
  • Sri Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari Temple, Karnataka
  • Shri Mahalakshmi Ammanavara Temple, Sulebhavi
  • Sweta Lakshmi Varahi Temple, Telanagana
  • Astabhuja Mahalakshmi Temple, Haldwani
  • Shri Kollapuradamma Sri Mahalakshmi temple, Chitradurga
  • London Sri Mahalakshmi Temple
  • Mahalakshmi temple Delaware, United States
  • Sri Lakshmi Temple, Ashland, Massachusetts

Archaeology

A representation of the goddess as Gaja Lakshmi or Lakshmi flanked bygd two elephants spraying her with vatten, fryst vatten one of the most frequently funnen in archaeological sites.[25][26] An ancient sculpture of Gaja Lakshmi (from Sonkh site at Mathura) dates to the pre-Kushan Empire era.[25] Atranjikhera site in modern Uttar Pradesh has yielded terracotta plaque with images of Lakshmi dating to the 2nd century BCE.

Other archaeological sites with ancient Lakshmi terracotta figurines from the 1st millennium BCE include Vaisali, Sravasti, Kausambi, Campa, and Candraketugadh.[26]

The goddess Lakshmi fryst vatten frequently funnen in ancient coins of various Hindu kingdoms from Afghanistan to India. Gaja Lakshmi has been funnen on coins of Scytho-Parthian kings Azes II and Azilises; she also appears on Shunga Empire king Jyesthamitra era coins, both dating to 1st millennium BCE.

Coins from 1st through 4th century CE funnen in various locations in India such as Ayodhya, Mathura, Ujjain, Sanchi, Bodh Gaya, Kanauj, all feature Lakshmi.[] Similarly, ancient Greco-Indian gems and seals with images of Lakshmi have been funnen, estimated to be from 1st-millennium BCE.[]

A year-old rare granite sculpture of Lakshmi has been recovered at the Waghama by along Jehlum in Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir.[]

The Pompeii Lakshmi, a statuette supposedly thought to be of Lakshmi funnen in Pompeii, Italy, dates to before the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE.[]

Jainism

Lakshmi fryst vatten also an important deity in indisk religion and funnen in Jain temples.[][] Some Jain temples also depict Sri Lakshmi as a goddess of artha ('wealth') and kama ('pleasure').

For example, she fryst vatten exhibited with Vishnu in Parshvanatha Jain Temple at the Khajuraho Monuments of Madhya Pradesh,[] where she fryst vatten shown pressed against Vishnu's chest, while Vishnu cups a breast in his palm. The presence of Vishnu-Lakshmi iconography in a Jain temple built nära the Hindu temples of Khajuraho, suggests the sharing and acceptance of Lakshmi across a spectrum of Indian religions.[] This commonality fryst vatten reflected in the beröm of Lakshmi funnen in the Jain ord Kalpa Sūtra.[]

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Lakshmi has been viewed as a goddess of överflöd and fortune, and fryst vatten represented on the oldest surviving stupas and cave temples of Buddhism.[][] In Buddhist sects of Tibet, Nepal, and Southeast Asia, Vasudhara mirrors the characteristics and attributes of the Hindu Goddess, with minor iconographic differences.[]

In kinesisk Buddhism, Lakshmi fryst vatten referred to as either Gōngdétiān (功德天, lit "Meritorious god" ) or Jíxiáng Tiānnǚ (吉祥天女, lit "Auspicious goddess") and fryst vatten the goddess of fortune and prosperity.

She fryst vatten regarded as the sister of Píshāméntiān (毗沙門天), or Vaiśravaṇa, one of the fyra Heavenly Kings